Sunday, December 4, 2011

"Faster than Light" or We Live in Exciting Times for the Study of Physics

I believe I remember somewhere that according to Einstein nothing could travel faster than the speed of light, (186,000 miles per second). Recently neutrinos were measured traveling faster than the speed of light. This, of course, challenges a cornerstone of Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity, which itself forms the foundation of modern physics. "The experiment is called OPERA (Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus), and lies 1,400 meters underground in the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy. It is designed to study a beam of neutrinos coming from CERN, Europe's premier high-energy physics laboratory located 730 kilometers away near Geneva, Switzerland. Neutrinos are fundamental particles that are electrically neutral, rarely interact with other matter, and have a vanishingly small mass. But they are all around us—the sun produces so many neutrinos as a by-product of nuclear reactions that many billions pass through your eye every second".


I read a comment of one observer who said that Einstein never wrote that nothing can travel faster than light. “There are phenomena which certainly can. Einstein's restriction applies to mass or energy. If the results of this experiment are repeatable and verified, then it might suggest that neutrinos have no mass and transport no energy”.  Another observer commented, “Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity never constrained particles from going faster than the speed of light. Only particles with a "real" rest mass are limited to less than the speed of light. Particles with an "imaginary" rest mass are constrained to go faster than the speed of light and are called ‘tachyons’ ”.  And of course, there is always string theory mathematics to fall back on.  We shall see how this plays out.  

Even I who knows very little about these matters thought of something.  If neutrinos are able travel faster than the speed of light interesting things may be occurring right under the scientist’s noses in the vicinity of black holes.  Just as particles of atoms can escape a black hole it may be possible for neutrinos to not only escape a black hole but may sail right through the black hole.  (If it is found that this is not true it may not be that the neutrinos are not traveling at the speed of the light but they are not traveling at sufficient greater speed to escape.  The mathematics would have to be worked out if that is true.   


After thinking it over longer, I realize I am in over my head.  The fact that neutrinos have little or no mass does not exempt them from being subject to infinite gravitational forces keeping them prisoners in the BH.

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